Efficacy and tolerability of dolutegravir plus lamivudine as a switch simplified strategy in treatment-experienced human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients / 中华传染病杂志

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of the dual therapy of dolutegravir (DTG) plus lamivudine (3TC) as a switch simplified strategy in treatment-experienced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients.Methods:Treatment-experienced HIV/AIDS patients who switched to a dual therapy containing DTG (50 mg, once daily) plus 3TC (300 mg, once daily) were included in Beijing You′an Hospital, Capital Medical University from September 2016 to May 2019. HIV RNA, CD4 + T lymphocyte count, blood lipid indexes, renal function indexes were collected when patients changed the treatment regimen (baseline) and after 48 weeks of treatment. Efficacy (HIV RNA<50 copies/mL) and safety of the dual therapy were analyzed. Statistical comparisons were performed using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test. Results:The reasons for 33 patients switching the treatment regimen were virologic failure (four cases, 12.1%), simplification of regimen (11 cases, 33.3%), and drug toxicity (18 cases, 54.5%). The patients were treated with anti-retroviral therapy (ART) for 2.13 (1.05, 4.23) years before regimens switching. Twenty-nine (87.9%) patients were virologically suppressed at baseline, and four (12.1%) patients were virological failure. After switching to DTG plus 3TC, all 33 patients showed HIV RNA<50 copies/mL after 48 weeks of treatment. The baseline CD4 + T lymphocyte count was 543 (363, 595)/μL. After switching the treatment regimens for 48 weeks, CD4 + T lymphocyte count was significantly increased to 625 (455, 651)/μL, and the difference was statistically significant ( Z=3.14, P=0.002). Compared with baseline, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol was increased after 48 weeks of treatment (2.35(1.80, 3.08) mmol/L vs 3.12(2.74, 3.87) mmol/L), while triglyceride (2.21(1.27, 4.37) mmol/L vs 1.61(1.20, 2.22) mmol/L), the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (5.02 (4.13, 6.40) vs 4.70 (3.55, 5.35)) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (106.4(78.2, 118.2) mL/(min·1.73 m 2) vs 88.6 (75.7, 107.9) mL/(min·1.73 m 2)) were decreased. The differences were all statistically significant ( Z=4.89, 2.37, 2.09 and 2.83, respectively, all P<0.050). No patient discontinued due to adverse events. Conclusions:The use of dual therapy containing DTG and 3TC is effective and well-tolerated in treatment-experienced HIV/AIDS patients under any prior ART without significant adverse events.

Analysis on the current situation of pediatric nurses′ professional autonomy and its influencing factors / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To understand the degree of professional autonomy of nurses in Pediatric Nursing Alliance and the status of pediatric nursing practice environment, which providing guidance for the development of a series of specialized training in the alliance.Methods:Stratified random sampling method was used to conduct a questionnaire survey on nursing staff of different professional levels in Pediatric Nursing Alliance, which through the questionnaire star by using the questionnaire general information and training demand questionnaire, nurses practice professional autonomy scale, pediatric nursing staff structural empowerment questionnaire and nursing practice influencing factors questionnaire through the questionnaire star.Results:The total score for professional autonomy of nurses in the pediatric alliance was 192.66±18.63, the structural empowerment ( OR=1.137, 95% CI=1.084-1.194), lack of caring team ( OR=2.763, 95% CI=1.443-5.292) and performance evaluation ( OR=0.498, 95% CI= 0.274-0.908), specialized education and professional experience ( OR=0.548, 95% CI= 0.334-0.871) were affecting the clinical nursing practice. Conclusion:The degree of professional autonomy of nurses in the Pediatric Nursing Alliance is in the middle and high level. Key factors affecting nursing practice including insufficient structural empowerment, lack of opportunities to continue learning, lack of nursing teams, lack of effectiveness evaluation and the lack of specialized education and work experience, which guiding the pediatric nursing alliance to continuously deepen the connotation of pediatric nursing professional and innovative team collaboration new model, utilize the advantages of resources to actively cultivate specialized nursing research personnel, carry out multi-disciplinary and cross-disciplinary cooperation, improve the nursing quality evaluation index system, so as to enhance the professional nursing service capacity and value.

Effect of interactions of chromatin regulatory elements with different promoters on the regulation of gene expression / 生物工程学报

The effect of altering the promoter region of ubiquitous chromatin-opening element (UCOE) and matrix attachment region (MAR) on stable and efficient expression of genes was investigated. Four different promoters were tested, namely, oct4 containing an enhancer region, sox2 having a CpG island, nanog having no regulatory elements, and CMV containing a CpG island and an enhancer region. Eight reporter plasmids were constructed: pOCT4-UCOE, pOCT4-MAR, pSOX2-UCOE, pSOX2-MAR, pNANOG-UCOE, pNANOG-MAR, pCMV-UCOE, and pCMV-MAR. Stable and efficient expression was observed when UCOE combined with the oct4 promoter, whereas the sox2 was the best promoter suited for MAR. Comparison of the stable clones of oct4-UCOE and sox2-MAR showed that UCOE-regulated expression is more stable and efficient than MAR-regulated expression. When CpG island-containing promoter is linked with UCOE, stable and efficient expression could be observed. These data suggest that an enhancer region in the promoter leads to high, yet unstable expression when combined with UCOE, whereas CpG islands stabilize expression. In conclusion, UCOE and MAR interact with regulatory elements on the promoter by altering the chromatin open state and chromatin loop to regulate gene expression.

Carcinogenicity study of CD133+CD44+ laryngeal cancer stem cells and identification of related microRNAs / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective@#To compare the carcinogenic abilities of CD133+CD44+ laryngeal cancer stem cells and general laryngeal cancer stem cells and to identify the mechanism underlying the action of miRNAs.@*Methods@#Solid tumor-derived laryngeal carcinoma stem cells and Hep-2-derived laryngeal carcinoma stem cells were cultured, and CD133+CD44+ laryngeal cancer stem cells were sorted by flow cytometry. Boden chamber invasion assay, cell migration assay and tumor formation assay were then performed to compare the invasion, migration and tumorigenic abilities of CD133+CD44+ laryngeal cancer stem cells and general laryngeal cancer stem cells. And then, miRNAs isolated from two laryngeal cancer stem cells were detected and analysed with miRNA chip.@*Results@#(1)In Boyden chamber invasion assay, the cell invasion rate of CD133+CD44+ laryngeal cancer stem cells was obviously higher (80.2%±2.3% vs. 63.9%±3.2%, t=5.011, P=0.027); (2)CD133+CD44+ laryngeal cancer stem cells also had higher mobility in cell migration assay (82.9%±1.1% vs. 70.9%±0.6%, t=4.514, P=0.031); (3)In tumor formation assay, the tumor formation rate of CD133+CD44+ laryngeal cancer stem cells was also higher (80% vs. 50%). What′s more, we identified 15 miRNAs that were significantly upregulated in CD133+CD44+ laryngeal cancer stem cells and 3 miRNAs that were significantly downregulated in CD133+CD44+ laryngeal cancer stem cells, compared with normal laryngeal cancer stem cells.@*Conclusions@#CD133+CD44+ laryngeal cancer stem cells have stronger invasion, migration and tumorigenic abilities compared with normal laryngeal cancer stem cells, and the difference of miRNAs′ expression is one of the possible causes.

Study on fire-needle trerapy of periarthritis of shoulder / 国际中医中药杂志

This paper summarizes the research situation of the treatment for the periarthritis of shoulder using fire-needle, and summarizes the effective treatment of shoulder periarthritis by using fire-needle method, including the fire-needle with acupuncture or with the cupping therapy, the fire needle combing other methods.Meanwhile. This paper puts forward the problems in the treatment and the clinical study of shoulder arthropoditis.

Clinical efficacy on anxiety , depression and sleep disorders in middle-aged and elderly patients with chronic subjective tinnitus / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT) on anxiety , depression , and symptoms of sleep disorders in patients with chronic subjective tinnitus. Methods Eighty patients with chronic subjective tinnitus visiting The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University from January 2016 to December 2017 were recruited ,and were divided into an observation group and a control group through computer generated random numbers. Patients in the control group were given drug treatment only ,while those in the observation group received TRT in addition to drug treatment. Clinical efficacy was evaluated using Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) , Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) ,Hamilton Depression Scale (SDS) ,and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (SAS ) for both groups. Results Patients in the observation group were associated with significantly lower scores of THI ,PSQI ,SAS and SDS ,compared with those in the control group 3 months after treatment (each P＜0.05). Furthermore ,the effectiveness rate was markedly higher (82.5% or 33 cases vs. 55.0% or 22 cases ,χ2＝7.040 ,P＜0.01) in the observation group than in the control group 6 months after treatment. Conclusion Tinnitus retraining therapy combined with conventional therapy can help to reduce the severity of tinnitus handicap ,ameliorate negative emotions such as anxiety and depression ,and improve sleep quality in patients with chronic subjective tinnitus.

Effects of subglottic secretion drainage at different intervals on ventilator-associated pneumonia / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of subglottic secretion drainage at different intervals on ventilator- associated pneumonia(VAP). Methods A total of 150 patients receiving tracheostomy during January 2015 to December 2016 were divided into A, B, C group according to the order of intubation time. The subglottic secretion drainage was attracted at intervals of 2, 4, and 6 h respectively.The differences in balloon secretion on occult blood test(after intubation,intubation time,3 d, 5 d,7 d), the content of airborne bacteria in the air sac, the number of VAP and the time of VAP occurrence between the 3 groups were analyzed. Results The 3 groups that group A had 78 positive cases,group B had 46 cases and group C had 38 cases had statistical significance differences compared with balloon retentate occult blood test(χ2=28.23,P=0.00);there were statistical significance differences between the 3 groups of bacteria (Z=11.91, P =0.00 ), there were statistically significant differences between group A and group C (Z=-3.01, P=0.00), between group B and group C (Z=-2.19, P=0.01). There were statistical significance differences between the 3 groups of the number of VAP cases(χ2=7.50, P =0.00) that there were 12 cases happening in group A, 13 cases in group B and 23 cases in group C. There were statistical significance differences between group A and group C(χ2=5.32,P=0.02),between group B and group C (χ2=4.34, P =0.04). The occurrence time of VAP which was (169.25 ± 20.80) h in group A,(168.35±18.04)h in group B and(129.47±18.13)h in group C,there was significantly different between the 3 groups(F=2 788.19,P=0.00),the differences between group A and group C(t=3.19,P=0.00),group B and group C(t=68.40,P=0.00)were statistically significant. Conclusions The subglottic secretion drainage at intervals of 4 hours will not only reduce the damage to the airway mucosa,but also reduce the incidence of airway bacteria and the incidence of VAP and delay the occurrence of late VAP.

Study on the Quality Standard for Mongolian Medicine Yishen Powder / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish the quality standard for Mongolian medicine Yishen powder. METHODS:TLC was used for the qualitative identification of Rheum palmatum and Terminalia chebula in the preparation;HPLC was used for the contents de-termination of aloe emodin,rhein,emodin,chrysophanol and physcion:the column was Inertsil C18 with mobile phase of metha-nol-0.1% phosphoric acid(gradient elution)at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min,detection wavelength was 254 nm,column temperature was 35 ℃ and the injection volume was 10 μL. RESULTS:The TLC pots of R. palmatum and T. chebula were clear and well-sepa-rated,negative control without interference. The linear range was 23.55-117.75 ng for aloe emodin(r=0.9999),44.72-223.62 ng for rhein(r=0.9998),43.18-215.90 ng for emodin(r=0.9997),77.41-387.12 ng for chrysophanol(r=0.9999)and 46.02-230.10 ng for physcion (r=0.9997);RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were lower than 2.0%;recoveries were 95.80%-99.66%(RSD=1.21%,n=6),95.01%-98.07%(RSD=0.92%,n=6),95.06%-97.84%(RSD=0.5%,n=6),95.19%-97.66%(RSD=1.07%,n=6)and 95.07%-98.20%(RSD=0.95%,n=6). CONCLUSIONS:The established standard can be used for the quality control of Mongolian medicine Yishen powder.

Fabrication of molecular probe targeting NRP-1 and magnetic resonance molecular imaging of gliomas in vitro / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To synthetize a novel MR molecular imaging probe named USPIO?PEG?tLyP?1,and to evaluate its value in detecting U87 cells by MR imaging. Methods USPIO?PEG?tLyP?1 was synthetized by conjugating USPIO?PEG with tLyP?1. Neuropilin?1 expression levels of glioma cell lines were detected by Western blot. The cytotoxicity of USPIO?PEG and USPIO?PEG?tLyP?1 were assessed by MTT colorimetric assay. The uptake efficiency of USPIO?PEG?tLyP?1 was measured by Prussian blue staining, transmission electron microscope and MR imaging in vitro. Results The novel MR molecular imaging probe was synthetized with an average diameter of 43.84 nm. U87 glioma cell line was screened as test subject for the highly expression of NRP?1(P<0.05). USPIO?PEG?tLyP?1 group showed much more intracellular blue particles than USPIO?PEG group after Prussian blue staining. After incubation,USPIO?PEG?tLyP?1 mainly existed in lysosme,endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. In vitro MRI showed that USPIO?PEG?tLyP?1 significantly enhanced the negative contrast effect compared with USPIO?PEG(P<0.01). Conclusion The decoration of tLyP?1 enhanced targeting ability of USPIO?PEG to glioma cells and MR molecular imaging can be a promising method for early diagnosis of gliomas.

Preliminary Study on Mathematical Model of Liquid Volume Added of TCM Medicinal Broth Decoction Machine / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish mathematical model of liquid volume added of TCM medicinal broth decoction machine to accurately calculate liquid volume added in the process of medicinal herb decocting,so as to guarantee the quality of medicinal herb decocting. METHODS:The water absorption rate of representative TCM decoction piece with high use frequency were deter-mined,and cluster analysis of water absorption rate of TCM decoction piece was conducted according to closely related index as density,size,shape,moisture. TCM decoction piece with similar water absorption rate were bracketed together,so that of single ingredient TCM decoction piece can be estimated by water absorption of representative TCM decoction piece;the quantity of water evaporation and liquid extrusion were determined among different types of decoction machine (powered by electric and gas);ac-cording to the above parameters,mathematical model of liquid volume of TCM medicinal broth prepared by different types of de-coction machine had been established,and validated with TCM formula. RESULTS:Factors that affected the liquid volume added included the water absorption of each ingredient,the quantity of water evaporation and extrusion function. The mathematical model was liquid volume added=water absorption of each ingredient × quality of decoction piece+the quantity of water evaporation+re-quired amount of liquid-parameters of extrusion function×total weight of decoction piece;in validation test,the percentage of the practical amount of liquid to required amount was within ±5%. CONCLUSIONS:Established model can promote the accuracy li-quid volume added and guarantee the quality of TCM decoction when using TCM decoction machine.

Distribution of waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio and their values in obesity screening among 3-9 years old Han and Uygur ethnic children in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the distributions of waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in Han and Uygur ethnic children aged 3-9 years in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang) and discuss their values in obesity screening in children.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Stratified cluster random sampling was conducted to select Han and Uygur ethnic children from kindergartens and primary schools in four areas of Xinjiang in April 2014. The children's standing height, body weight and waist circumference were measured by trained investigators according to standard protocol. WC>or=P80 and WHtR>or=0.48 were used as the cutoff value for abdominal obesity screening in children with normal BMI. The association between overweight/obese prevalence rate and obesity related indicators, such as BMI, WC, WHtR, were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 4024 Han and Uygur ethnic children were investigated, in which 2461 were in Han ethnic group, 1563 were in Uygur ethnic group. The WC and WHtR at P50 and P80 were differed significantly. In both Han and Uygur ethnic groups, there were some children with WC>or=P80 or WHtR>or=0.48, although they had normal BMI. This proportion decreased with age.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The WC and WHtR are similar in Han and Uygur ethnic children aged 3-9 years. WC and WHtR have values in obesity screening for children with normal BMI which suggested to use it as the supplementation of BMI in obesity screening in preschool aged children.</p>

Clinical research on application of selective β receptor blockers on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary Disease / 中国综合临床

Objective To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the treatment by selective β 1 receptor blockers on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Methods Eighty cases of COPD Ⅲ (stable period) inpatient with or without coronary heart disease were collected in The Second People's Hospital of Shanghai from September 2012 to November 2013.The patients were randomly divided into testing group (Metoprolol treatment group) and control group (regular treatment group) with 40 cases for each group.Metoprolol group therapy based on the use of conventional metoprolol tablets,an initial dose of metoprolol 12.5 mg/d,titrated to the appropriate dose based on heart rate and tolerance of the morning resting heart rate of 55 to 60 times/min that reached the target dose of metoprolol continuous medication for 12 months.Blood gas analysis were recorded before and after treatment,pulmonary function,and 6 min walk test (6MWT) and were chronic lung disease Assessment Test (CAT) Rating.The control group was administrated regular treatment while the testing group added small dose of Metoprolol with titration to an appropriate dose on this basis.12 months in a row,and assessed the end stage.Results (1) After the application of selective β receptor blockers on testing group,no statistically significant difference (P＞0.05) in the values of FEV1 in anticipation value％ (testing group:(45.45 ± 4.68) ％ vs.(43.32 ± 4.84) ％;control group:(44.23 ± 4.68) ％ vs.(42.58 ±4.24)％),PaO2(testing group:(75.92± 10.78) mmHg vs.(74.86± 11.21) mmHg;control group:(70.23 ±6.45) mmHg vs.(72.36±7.28) mmHg) and PaCO2(testing group:(46.28±8.28) mmHg vs.(47.46±10.22) mmHg);control group:(44.54 ± 8.89) mmHg vs.(42.36 ± 7.45) mmHg) before and after treatment.But the 6MWD (testing group:(287 ± 23) m vs.(384± 34) m;control group:(284 ± 25) m vs.(295 ±21) m) and COPD appraisal test(CAT) (testing group:(21±7) score vs.(17±6) score);control group:(22 ±5) score vs.(20± 6) score) had improved significantly compared with that before treatment,with significant difference(t=4.903,4.784;P＜0.05).Conclusion Selective β receptor blockers have no effect on the airway resistance of COPD patients and reduction on pulmonary function.It can also increase the exercise tolerance and enhance the living quality for improving clinical prognosis.

Effects of arsenite on gliotransmitter release from primary cultured astrocytes / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective To investigate the impairment mechanism of learning and memory function induced by arsenite exposure through studying the effects of sodium arsenite on gliotransmitter release from astrocytes.Methods Primary cultured astrocytes were isolated from neonatal (0-3 days) Wistar rats and determined by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunofluorescence staining.The primary cultured astrocytes were randomly divided into four groups,in which astrocytes were exposed to 0.0,2.5,5.0,or 10.0 μmol/L sodium arsenite,respectively,for 24 h.Intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in astrocytes was measured by fluorescence dual wavelength spectrophotometer;,concentrations of glutamate,D-serine,glycine and γ-aminobutyric acid were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Results More than 95％ cells were positive for GFAP immunofluorescence staining.The difference of [Ca2+]i among groups treated with sodium arsenite was statistically significant (F =20.030,P ＜ 0.05).[Ca2+]i increased significantly in group treated with 10.0 μmol/L sodium arsenite [(263.27 ± 14.80)nmol/L] compared with those in groups treated with 0.0,2.5,5.0 μmol/L sodium arsenite [(204.24 ± 27.21),(214.49 ± 21.85),(232.74 ± 23.14)nmol/L,all P ＜ 0.05].The differences of the levels of D-serine,glycine and γ-aminobutyric acidamong groups treated with sodium arsenite were significant (F =26.599,33.539,5.599,all P ＜ 0.05).The levels of D-serine [(21.580 ± 1.313),(21.936 ± 1.539),(23.401 ± 1.648)μmol/L],glycine [(26.353 ± 2.449),(29.711 ± 1.530),(29.234 ± 2.057)μmol/L] and γ-aminobutyric acid [(27.277 ± 3.421),(30.213 ± 2.098),(29.364 ± 2.588)μmol/L] released by astrocytes increased significantly in groups treated with 2.5,5.0,10.0 μmol/L sodium arsenite compared with those in groups treated with 0.0 μmol/L sodium arsenite [(16.017 ± 1.046),(16.763 ± 3.007),(22.736 ± 4.139)μmol/L,all P ＜ 0.05].Conclusion Arsenite could affect gliotransmitter release from astrocytes,and further impair learning and memory function.

Expression and significance of phosphated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and p53 protein in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the expression and clinical significance of phosphated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (p-STAT3) and p53 protein in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), and the relationship between the two genes.@*METHOD@#Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues, which came from 60 cases of LSCC and 32 samples of normal mucosa over 2.0 cm away from tumor margin in 32 patients with total or subtotal laryngectomy were detected for the expression of p-STAT3 and p53 protein by in SP immunohistochemistry. Micro-image analysis system was used to determine the optical density,and the result was analyzed statistically.@*RESULT@#There is over expression of p-STAT3 and p53 protein in LSCC. The expression of p-STAT3 and p53 protein in LSCC was associated with clinical stage and lymph nodal metastases (P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between the expression of p-STAT3 and P53 protein. The correlation coefficient (r) was 0.6558 (P < 0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#The expression of p-STAT3 and p53 protein may play an important role in the tumorigenesis,metastases and poor prognosis of LSCC. There was a positive correlation between the over expression of p-STAT3 and p53 protein in LSCC.

Initial revision of Chinese version of parents' perception of uncertainty scale / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To translate Parents' Perception of Uncertainty Scale (PPUS) into Chinese,analyze and selected items,and then test the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of PPUS initially.Methods 210 parents of hospitalized children were recruited for the investigation.Frequency analysis,dispersion degree analysis,correlation analysis and so on were applied to analyze and select items.Internal consistency test,Pearson correlation analysis and exploratory factor analysis etc.were applied to test reliability and validity of the scale.Results The final Chinese version of PPUS contained 28 items.The Cronbach α and parity split-half reliability coefficients were 0.844 and 0.835; The Cronbach α coefficient of 4 dimensions ranged from 0.537 to 0.770.The item-total scale correlation coefficient ranged from 0.300 to 0.737.Item-dimension correlation coefficients ranged from 0.376 to 0.762.Item-other dimension correlation coefficients ranged from 0.028 to 0.514.Dimension-total scale correlation coefficients ranged from 0.480 to 0.863 and those between dimensions ranged from 0.226 to 0.536.In the content validity assessed by experts,I-CVI ranged from 0.75 to 1.00,S-CVI/Ave was 0.928.Four-factor model was performed in the principal component analysis and they explained for 41.401％ variances.The maximum factor loading of all items were higher than 0.3,and most of items had adequate loadings in related dimensions.Conclusions Chinese version of PPUS had appropriate reliability and validity as an assessment tool for parental uncertainty in illness of hospitalized children' parents.

Epidemiological investigation and analysis of asthenopia in adult myopes / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To assess the prevalence and binocular dysfunctional risk factors associated with asthenopia among adult myopes.Methods The study population included 800 adult myopes,a cross-sectional visual parameters that characterize the accommodative:accommodation amplitude (AA),accommodative facility,and accommodative response (fused crossed cylinder-FCC) and binocular function (near and distant horizontal and vertical associated phorias,near and distance negative and positive fusional vergence,near point of convergence,negative and positive relative accommodation (NRA/PRA),stimulus AC/A ratio and stereoacuity) were evaluated when these subjects wore adequate spectacle correction.Results Asthenopia was reported in 24.2％ (194/800) of myopes.The incidence of asthenopia in female (27.8％,128/460) was more than that in male (19.4％,66/340),and there was significant difference (P =0.006).In univariate analysis,the monocular AA,binocular AA,NRA and PRA were significantly associated with asthenopia (P =0.000).In multivariate analysis,low NRA (≤1.25 D),low NRA (≤1.50 D) were significant risk factors for asthenopia (P =0.000,OR =7.644 ;95％ CI 2.913-17.580;P =0.000,OR =5.303;95％ CI 2.822-16.205).Conclusion Preventive measures directed against the binocular dysfunctional risks factors associated with asthenopia may help reduce the prevalence and provide a positive impact on asthenopia.

Establishment of multiplex PCR assay for detection of HIV-1 / 中华检验医学杂志

reproducible, and may cover the major circulating strains in China.

The thinking of graduate medical education of integrity / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Integrity education is not only one of an important aspect of moral education topics for Medical postgraduates,but also an objective requirement in the socialist market economy.Aiming at the modern medical postgraduates'lack of credibility,this paper mainly analyzes its causes such as the limitation of postgraduates'quality and the pressure of employment and dis-cusses how to strengthen integrity education for postgraduate in medical university by bringing supervisors'leading role,enhance the standardized management of employment and upbuilding credibility file etc.

Double Blind Appraisement——the Important Measure to Promote the Doctor Degree Thesis Quality / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The important sign of scaling graduate culture quality is the quality of doctor degree papers.By strengthening the doctor degree management and carrying out the system of outside university experts' double blind judge,the doctor degree papers can be appraised scientifically,reasonably,impersonally and justly so as to achieve the aim of promoting the quality of doctor degree thesis.

Problems and Countermeasures of the Cultivation of Postgraduates in Clinical Medicine / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The clinic ability training is the important tache of cultivating postgraduates with the degree of clinical medicine and the clinic ability training's quality control is the important issue.This paper analyzed the existent problems in cultivation at present and expatiated the steps and countermeasure we ought to adopt in light of the actual condition of our university.